Research paper that will explore the resiliency of elders of the Asian

That will explore the resiliency of elders of the Asian cultrue - Research Paper Example Conversely, recent indication is provoking the supposition that elderly people are solely recipients of support, or that they obtain more assistance from their adult children than they give to them. Older people though are crucial sponsors of assistance to their children as well as their grandchildren, together with providing financial aid, baby-sitting assistances, housing, advice, and emotional support. Older people nowadays are more probable to afford accommodation for their sons and daughters, than they are to afford accommodation for them. This tendency has developed in recent years as older folks have turned out to be more financially secure while their children are less stable. Most lately, the fact of "boomerang" children -- going back to the parent nest because of unemployment and divorce -- is somewhat accountable for this development. An outline of give-and-take exchange where aging parents obtain more assistance from their adult children than they offer to their adult children--or responsibility reversal--naturally upturns with age, yet it cannot be assumed a characteristic of older parents in general. Findings have revealed that older parents are essentially net suppliers of assistance up to their 80s. Additionally, when responsibility reversal ensues, the swap tends to ensue for contributory more than responsive types of assistance. Several viewpoints on the elderly family indicate that getting too much assistance (over-support) from children or getting assistance from children, which cannot be countered may trigger distress amid older people. Most African American older people choose to stay functionally independent for as much as it is conceivable before depending on children for assistance. Findings display that the aging generally anticipate less assistance from their own children than they (children) are eager to offer. Certainly, at high points of strength, intergenerational social

Theories of Keynesian Economics

Theories of Keynesian Economics Origin Keynesian economic is a macroeconomic model that used to identify the equilibrium level, and examine disruptions, total production and income. Equilibrium is when total production and income intersect with the total expenditures. The Keynesian model has three basic variations designated by several macroeconomic sectors such as two-sector, three-sector, and four-sector. Keynesian model also frequently presented in the form of injections and leakages in addition to the standard total expenditures format. Keynesian model used to study some important topics and issues such as multipliers, business cycle, fiscal policy, and monetary policy. Keynesian model normally presented as the Keynesian cross-intersection between the total expenditures line and 45 degree line. The theory was the standard macroeconomics analysis since the Great Depression of early 1980s and throughout the mid-1900s. The theory still counting to provide important insight into the working of the macroeconomic despite cross-intersection was largely substituted by total market analysis which is measured by aggregate supply and aggregate demand. Keynesian economics is established by John Maynard Keynes. The theory believe that total demand take an important role in business-cycle instability and recessions. Keynesian economics points to unrestricted government policies, especially fiscal policy as the key of stabilizing business cycle. There are some basic principles of Keynesian economics such as the General Theory of Employment, Money and Interest in Keynes’ book, published in 1936. These principles has launched the modern study of macroeconomics and worked as a conductor for macroeconomic theory and macroeconomic policies for few decades. Assumptions There are three key assumptions of Keynesian economics. First assumption if rigid prices. Keynesian economics assumes that prices is inflexible, especially in the downward direction which can stop markets to reach equilibrium. Next assumption is effective demand. Keynesian economics is according to concept of effective demand, the principle of consumption expenditures are due to disposable income that available from the household sector instead of income that available at full employment. Lastly is saving and investment determinants. Keynesian economics also believes that interest rate would affected saving and investment. In addition, household saving is depend on household income and business investment is depend on the expected profitability of production. Highlights Macroeconomic is a separate entity operating by its own principles and the standard of microeconomic market principles do not necessarily apply. Changes in total demand is the primary source that causes business-cycle instability. Markets do not reach equilibrium automatically, so full employment is not guaranteed. Persistent unemployment problems, including those taking place during the Great Depression, result due to lack of total demand. The method to sustain full employment is through government intervention, for example, government apply fiscal policy to changes government spending. Four Macroeconomic Sectors The foundation of the Keynesian model is built by the four macroeconomic sector including household, business, government, and foreign on their expenditures for total production. The four sectors are household, firms, government and foreign. Household sector refer to everyone in the economy; consumption expenditure refer to their expenses on production used for satisfaction. Business sector refer to firms that produce output; investment expenditures refer to their expenses on capital goods. Government sector refer to federal, state, and local government; government purchases refer to their expenses on production used to offer government services. Foreign sector refer to all households, businesses, and government beyond the political boundaries of the domestic economy; net exports refer to their expenditure contribution. Keynesian Equilibrium Like most economic models, Keynesian model is mainly focus on equilibrium. In general, equilibrium is when the balance between opposing forces which remains unchanged as long as another force interferes. Equilibrium is when demand meet supply in the market. Demand force is consumers who normally looking for low price and supply force is sellers who normally demand high price. In the macroeconomic, equilibrium is a balance between total expenditures and total production. There are particulars of equilibrium in the Keynesian model. Firstly, Keynesian equilibrium is a balance between total expenditures and total production. Total expenditures are the sum of expenditure on all four macroeconomic sectors. Total production is the sum of market value of all final goods and services. Secondly, the adjustment tool that reaches or maintains equilibrium is total production. If total expenditures are different to total production, then total production should make changes to meet balance. On the other hand, the adjustment tool for the total market model is the price level. If total demand is different to total supply in the market, then the price level should increase or decrease to meet balance. However, price level is an external force in Keynesian model. Thirdly, Keynesian equilibrium is only a balance between total expenditures and total production. Other aggregate markets like resource markets does not need to be in equilibrium. Shortage and surpluses can exist and always in resource markets. Therefore, full employment is not reach automatically with Keynesian equilibrium. Three Variations The Keynesian model has three common variations, each variations established on a different combination of the four macroeconomic sectors. Two sector model is the simplest Keynesian model which only refer to the household and business sectors, also called as the private sector. This variation is often used to demonstrate the basic operation of the model, including changes for equilibrium and the multiplier process. Two sector model gains the role of encouraged expenditures by household consumption and the role of self-directed expenditures by business investment. Three sector model probably is the most generally analysed variation of the Keynesian model. This variation adds the government sector into the household and business sectors. This variation is used to examine government stabilization policies, especially how fiscal policy apply in government purchases and taxes that could close the gaps of recessionary and inflationary. Four sector model consists of all four macroeconomic sectors such as household, business, government, and foreign. Interaction between domestic economy and the foreign sector often used to capture by four sector model, and also offers basis for detailed, empirically estimated models of the macroeconomics. The Multiplier An important moment of analysis carry out using Keynesian model is the multiplier. Cumulatively reinforcing encouraged interaction between consumption and production that increases self-directed expenditure changes, investment, government spending, and exports is basic of Keynesian multiplier. The core of the multiplier is that pretty small changes in independent expenditures cause fairly large overall changes in total production and income. The resulting changes in total production are typically a â€Å"multiple† of the first expenditure changes, hence the term â€Å"multiplier.† To understand how the multiplier procedure, reflect the Keynesian cross equilibrium presented. At total production of $12 trillion, total expenditures line (AE) intersects with the 45 degree line (Y=AE). This production level would change if the total expenditures line shifts. The subsequent multiplier is due to marginal propensity to consume. Increases in government purchases would increases production and income, which then encourages increase in consumption based on marginal propensity to consume. Increase in consumption would cause further changes in production and income, which then brings more impacts in consumption. Thus, a larger multiplier is based on larger marginal propensity to consume.

Nurse Empowerment Essay -- Health Care, Nursing

Introduction Nurses have a vital role in the rapidly changing healthcare setting, which are characterized by critical care patients and shortages of nurses to meet demands of patient care (Ning, Zhong, Libo, and Qiujie, 2009). Therefore, it is important to maintain good working environments for nurses. Empowerment is seen as an effective method to advance nurse’s satisfaction (Ning, Zhong, Libo, and Qiujie, 2009). Empowerment as stated by Wittmann-Price (2004), is â€Å"the process of reaching a more positive state of being, a state of relative freedom in choice by first acknowledging an affective experience of oppression†. The purpose of this paper is to write a narrative about an experience as a student nurse practicing in a clinical setting where we felt oppressed due to class, race, cultural or gender biases. This narrative will be analyzed using relevant concepts in the literature. Narrative My experience happened when I was in second year nursing. We are just starting our clinical rotations in KGH. At that time, our instructors assigned us one patient to do our nursing care. The goals for the day are to do our head to toe assessments and be able to chart our findings. Throughout the shift, we have a co-assigned nurse that will aid us in our duties for the day. I did what I was supposed to do and charted accordingly. After the end of the shift I thought that I did everything right, until one of my classmates told me that my nurse talked to her and stating that I did not do a good job and telling her that I do not know how to chart. Upon hearing, this from my classmate I did not say anything to my clinical instructor and just let it slide. I felt embarrassed and ashamed. I thought that I cannot change what happened and I ... ...against oppressors I must recognized that I am being oppressed. I also must learn to change my attitudes towards my oppressors and change the way I am responding and thinking. Conclusion Empowerment is a vital factor in creating a positive working environment. Nurses that see their work environment as empowering are more likely to provide quality health care. Positive environments are important for the future of nursing development (Ning, Zhong, Libo, and Qiujie, 2009). Nurses should not only have the ability to recognized differences but also they must have the capacity to transform and change structures within the profession in order to achieved emancipation. To achieve empowerment they must take steps to overcome oppression. They must face their fears and be able to make dialogue with their oppressors and let them know that their actions are unacceptable.

Aging Out of Crime and the Unexpected Consequences

Aging Out of Crime and the Unexpected Consequences of Tougher Punishments April Chartrand Grand Canyon University JUS 250- Critical Issues April 20, 2012 Cuauhtemoc Espinoza Aging Out of Crime and the Unexpected Consequences of Tougher Punishments Did you ever wonder if our youth will ever outgrow the need to commit the crimes that they do? There have been numerous studies that most of our youth do outgrow the need to commit crimes. Usually by the age of 20 years old most juveniles age out of crime (Robert J.Sampson, 2005). For those who do not age out of crime by the second offense there are severe consequences that our society with higher moral standards, more severe punishments, and the placement of the three strikes laws place on these individuals. The three strikes law was installed to stop violent offenders from the continuation of their violent behaviors. In most cases the three strikes law works in keeping repeat offenders off the streets and keeps the victims of these crimes safe from further persecution.Although the three strikes law works it also increases the homicide rates. In many cases the repeat offenders who realize that they will receive the same punishment no matter what the crime decide to increase the crime to suite the punishment that they are inevitable to receive. More than half of the third strike offenders that are in prison today involve neither violent nor serious felonies. Even shoplifting can be escalated to a third strike felony bringing a sentence of life in prison for those with prior convictions of petty theft (Diaz, 2011).Many felons that realize that they will receive the same punishment for murder as petty theft end up killing their victims and police officers to avoid detection and apprehension (Marano, 2002). In California the three strikes laws have been approved to involve youth offenders as well as adults (Egelko, 2010). If two crimes are committed when the offender is a youth those two crimes follow that same youth thr oughout his life and if he commits a third offense when he becomes an adult he will suffer the consequences of 25 years to life in rison. As our adolescence develop, become more mature, engage in families of their own, and age out of crime there are some unexpected consequences that they may endure as our society holds higher moral standards, more severe punishments, and three strike laws for repeat offenders. Although there have been studies to prove that many of our juveniles age out of crime there are still severe consequences for those who do not rehabilitate after the first or second offense or do not age out of crime early enough in their lives.Many of these juveniles and young adults face the consequences of the three strikes laws. The consequence of the three strike law includes serving a severe punishment of 25 years to life in prison no matter what the crime may be. References Diaz, J. (2011, May 8). Crime and Punishment Politics of the Three Strikes Law. Retrieved April 2 0, 2012, from SFGate. com: http://www. sfgate. com/cgi- bin/article. cgi? f=/c/a/2011/05/08/INN21JB7OD. DTL Egelko, B. (2010, April 20). High Court: Calif. can apply ‘3 strikes' law to juveniles. Retrieved April 17, 2012, from CorrectionsOne. om: http://www. correctionsone. com/juvenile- offenders/articles/2050079-High-Court-Calif-can-apply-3-strikes-law-to-juveniles/ Marano, L. (2002, September 16). Study: 3-Strikes Laws Increase Homicides. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from Upi. com: http://www. upi. com/Odd_News/2002/09/16/Study-3-strikes-laws-increase- homicides/UPI-23411032191348 Robert J. Sampson, J. H. (2005, October 25). A life course View of the Developement of Crime. Retrieved April 16, 2012, from The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science: http://www. ann. sagepub. com/content/602/1/12

Evidence based practice in antenatal Essay

INTRODUCTION In this globalization world, the nursing career had become more challenges and competence. IOM Report (2003) title â€Å"Health Professions Education; A Bridge to Quality† have recommended evidence based practice (EBP) as one of the integration of core set competencies into health professions education. Now days, EBP is the most popular topic to be talk and written about in nursing, nationally and internationally. Hitherto, nurses at times don’t understand what is EBP and some nurses are even called it buzzword. The latter couldn’t be further from truth. EBP is here to stay and nurses must understand it. Sacket et al (2000) described EBP as the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patients values. Evidence base practice is the application of the best available empirical evidence, including recent research findings, to clinical practice in order to aid clinical decision making evidence based practice is based on the notion of rational decision making. Higgs and Jones (2000) have purposed that evidence in evidence-based practice should be considered to be knowledge derived from a variety of source that has been subjected to testing and has found to be credible. Here the nurse selects all research that has been done in area. These research results are analyzed together, synthesized, coming up with a through integrate review. Then, the research put into the context of clinical expertise and the value system of the patient, and particular protocols or best practices are developed. In this paper, the important of EBP will be explored in relation to antenatal clinic. The objective of the study is to assess the effect on obstetric practice and pregnancy outcome of routine late pregnancy ultrasound define as greater than 24 weeks gestation, in women with either unselected or low risk pregnancy .The Australasian Genetics Resource Book (2007) highlighted ultrasound is the use of high frequency sound waves to make an image. In pregnancy, an ultrasound gives a picture of the developing baby in the uterus (womb). It is regularly considered part of the routine care for all  pregnant women. The ultrasound is used as both a screening and a diagnostic test either give an indication that the baby is at an increased risk of a problem (a screening test), or it can detect a definite problem in the baby’s physical development for example, in the heart or the kidneys (a diagnostic test). Mostly, a mother will question the nursing staffs working at the antenatal clinic regarding the ultrasound screening whether the process is safety of their unborn baby and themselves. In the rural area of Malaysia, most of the antenatal clinics have no facility such as ultrasound machine. As a result, the pregnant women with medically indicated and get referral letter from medical officer or midwife have to go to government hospital in the city to have an ultrasound. In difference, the private hospital performed routine ultrasound screening for pregnant women in their late pregnancy. The selected evidence are cited by Bricker L and Neilson J (2000) ; Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy ( after 24 weeks gestation) track down from Cochrane Library. Cochrane Database of Systemic Review , 2007, issues 1,published by John Wiley and Sons,Ltd. This research is done by qualified person because one of two reviewers was Dr Leanne Bricker who was the consultant in fetal and maternal medicine of Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust. It could be argue that the reviewer is eligible to do this research and this made the research the more reliable. WHO Statistic (1999) mentioned that annually 585 000 women die of pregnancy related complications. It is 99% in developing countries and 1% in developed countries. So, we can summarize that every minute one women dies from a pregnancy related complication. In Malaysia, high rate of prenatal and maternal morbidity and mortality continue to be a major problem in the country. A crucial factor of good obstetrics is the provision of adequate care during the antenatal period. Antenatal care was first introduced to medicine in the first decade of this century. Hence, there no qualm that it has a brought gigantic benefit to women and their children. The main purpose of antenatal care is to ensure an uncomplicated for the mother and the safe delivery of a life and healthy infant. At present, modern technology and  information technology have beyond more complicated. The equipment such as the ultrasound machine also was greatly up to date. The users of ultrasound as one of the obstetrician a rmamentarium have been part of the cause to improved antenatal and intra partum care. An ultrasound scan uses high frequency sound waves in very short pulses. These travel from a transducer, which rests on your skin, and are reflected off different tissues inside you and then received back at the transducer. The transducer passes the signal into a computer that displays an image of your insides on a screen. Usually this image represents a thin 2 dimensional slice of your anatomy. The operator moves the transducer around to get the best views to help diagnosis, whilst watching on the screen for anything abnormal. They will record several images or short video clips to illustrate the scan and these are kept in a computer database that is part of your patient record. The operator will use a small amount of gel on your skin to ensure the transducer contacts your skin effectively. Routine ultrasound can be used in late pregnancy to detect problems which may not otherwise be apparent, such as abnormalities in the placenta in the fluid surrounding the baby, or in the baby’s growth. The process of evidence base practice involved critical appraisal as one of the step. Hill & Spittlehouse (2001) defined critical appraisal as the process of systematically examining research evidence to access its validity, results and relevance before using it to inform a decision. Ahead of implementation of critical appraisal it is essential to understand research process principal and being able to recognize a well conceived designed of conducted study. The Critical Appraisal Skills provide us what is the best evidence in order to understand the methods and result of research besides to access the quality of the research. Oxman et al 1994, mentioned that the piece of evidence will be critically appraise for it validity and quality using and appraisal tool named, Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). The word research means to search again and examine carefully, more specifically, research is a diligent, systematic inquiry or study that validate and refines existing knowledge and develop new knowledge. In fact,  research is determined, hand on, received, understand and accepted by nurse practitioner only, (Brown 1999). Furthermore, the ultimate goal of research is the development of a research body of knowledge for a discipline or profession like nursing. Joppe (2000) highlighted that the reliability of result is the key questions in a research. Brown ,1999;Melnyk & Fineout- Overholt;2005 stated that evidence based practice is the conscientious integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values and need in the delivery of high quality , cost – effective health care. In this research, the reviewer has made the research more reliable by provided data of all research finding plus a clear precise description of the research methodology. BODY This title of the research clearly indicates the focus of the study. Above and beyond, the abstract includes the study problem, objectives, search strategy, selected criteria, data collection and analysis, significant result and implications of the findings for nursing practice. This research is significance to read because all relevant information is presented in a way that captures the attention of the reader. Crosby (1990) point out that a well-written abstract gives readers a good idea of what the study is about, how it was conducted and the findings or recommendations by the author. It is being stated clearly that, the reviewers drew on the search strategy developed for the pregnancy and childbirth as a whole. Relevant of trial were identified in the groups specialized registered of control test. The pilot reviewer assessed trial quality and abstract data under supervision of co-reviewer. Moreover, the trial were not assess blinded as the reviewer have the information about the author identification, source of publication and result when making inclusion criteria. In fact, regarding the disagreement and insufficient data, the reviewer contacted the author personally above and beyond search in all relevant studies in published and unpublished studies. The publication prejudice is less because all of the studies were in English. The neonatal upshot measures of the research also  seek advice from professor of perinatal medicine. By the way, any debarred trial was undoubtedly given a reasonable accused and all the information of follow up was stated in the references. The participants included all women in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks gestation) in both unselected population and the sample size of the trial wide-ranging. The type of intervention used was routine ultrasound examine in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks gestation) to assess one/some/all of the conclusion measure on fetal size; amniotic fluid volumes; placental grading; fetal structural anatomy; fetal presentation. In relation to Crombie (1996), when choosing a study design, many factors must be taken into account because different types of studies are subject to different types of bias. It claimed that in this study there is no mention about consent and participants were kept in murkiness about the study. Almost certainly, it is great to mull over in the ethical aspect. It could be quarrel that the participants have been treated purely as a source of data. Theoretically, the ethical considerations in all research are the same; the safety and protection of human rights. These rights are mainly could be achieved by informed consent. While no inform consent was taken even so confidentially has maintained. On no account mention any involvement of ethical committee it is a poor steps as explaining the study design is the core of understanding the methodology. Olsen (2003) put in plain words that they are three elements of ethical research to firmly practice. In this review, all results were presented clearly and were similar from study to study. The reviewers have assessed the quality of each study and include all RCTs of routine ultrasound in late pregnancy after (24 weeks) in the research. Quasi-randomized trials were regard as for inclusion due to scarcity of RCTs. The study was good in view of the fact that the limitations of the research and the reason for any variation in the result were discussed in particular by reviewers. The ultrasound selection were differed among trials; some offering routine scans to all participant earlier in the pregnancy (before 24 weeks gestation), some offering no routine scan at anytime in pregnancy to the control group and some offering scan at all stages of the trial, but only revealing results of late  pregnancy ultrasound (after 24 weeks gestation) for the study group. Furthermore, the rationale for routine ultrasound scan after 24 weeks gestation differed among trials as it is difficult to assess the effect of scan before 24 weeks gestation on the outcome measures. Although the reviewers has point out that the most effective approach to assess the cause of routine late pregnancy ultrasound would be trials where the intervention in late pregnancy ultrasound alone, but this is not such trials exist. However, the reviewers also have reported on the predictable finding in this study. In the Perth 1993, they were significantly higher intrauterine growth restriction on the Serial ultrasound and Droppler examination group. Even, the author states that it may have a chance finding, it is possible that frequent exposure to ultrasound may have influence fetal growth. On the other hand, none of the addressed long term neurodevelopment results. Exposure of the expectant mother to uncertainty and possible anxiety about the health of her baby has implication of which may be far reaching. The reviewers also have identified the future research on the maternal psychological outcome and long term neurodevelopment outcome. From the time when, it is not mention what type of ultrasound machine was used and which group of personal is performing the procedure. Sometimes this could probably introduce preconceived notion to the results. In some situation, the ending measured effect the result because the quality of ultrasound imaging is not reach the standard regarding the technical capabilities of the ultrasound equipment and also on the skills or expertise of operators. METHODOLOGY There are two type of research method; quantitative research method and qualitative research method. The quantitative research method defined by Burn and Grove (2005), is conducted to test theory by describing variables, examining relationship among variables and determining cause – and – effect interactions between variable. It is a formal, objective, systematic process using numerical data to obtain information about the world. In addition, quantitative method is research method dealing with number and anything that  is measurable agreed by (Smith, 1988) that quantitative research involves counting and measuring of events and performing the statistical analysis of a body of numerical data. Counting and measuring are ordinary structure of the method. More often than not, the outcome or result of the study is presented in tables, graphs or other form of statistic because it is a kind of number or a series of numbers. If truth be told, the quantitative analysis endow with result that is more reliable for statistical approaches. The main concerns of the quantitative paradigm are that measurement is reliable, valid, and generalize in its clear prediction of cause and effect (Cassell & Symon, 1994). The strengths of the quantitative method are it stating the research problem in very specific and set terms as stated by (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 1992). It also clearly and precisely specifies both the independent and the dependent variables under investigation. As well, quantitative method include following firmly the original set of research goals, arriving at more objective conclusions, testing hypothesis, determining the issues of causality. In view of (Balsley, 1970) it’s help achieving high levels of reliability of gathered data due to controlled observations, laboratory experiments, mass surveys, or other form of research manipulations. To boot, this method are also allowing for longitudinal measures of subsequent performance of research subjects. Kealey & Protheroe (1996) indicated that quantitative method rally round eliminating or minimizing subjectivity of judgment. Despite the fact, the weaknesses of the quantitative method are failure to provide the researcher with information on the context of the situation where the studied phenomenon occurs and inability to control the environment where the respondents provide the answers to the questions in the survey. Limited outcomes to only those outlined in the original research proposal due to closed type questions and the structured format. More to the point, not encouraging the evolving and continuous investigation of a research phenomenon are the disadvantages of using quantitative approach. According to Munhall (2001) the qualitative research method is a systematic,  subjective approach used to described life experiences and situation and to give them meaning. The knowledge generated the qualitative research will provide meaning and understand of specific emotions, values and life experiences. As said by Morgan (1980), the qualitative research shares the theoretical assumptions of the interpretative paradigm, which is based on the notion that social reality is created and sustained through the subjective experience of people involved in communication. Some researcher using qualitative method are concerned in their research with attempting to accurately describe, decode, and interpret the meanings of phenomena occurring in their normal social contexts as declared by Fryer (1991). In view of that, qualitative approach in general is more likely to take place in a natural setting acknowledged by Denzin, 1971; Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Marshall & Rossman, 1989. The strengths of the qualitative method as declared by Bogdan & Taylor, 1975; Patton, 1980, it provide a holistic view of the phenomena under investigation. Furthermore, qualitative method is the process of obtaining a more realistic feel of the world that cannot be experienced in the numerical data and statistical analysis used in quantitative research. It also provides the flexible ways to perform data collection, subsequent analysis, and interpretation of collected information. Kirk & Miller, 1986 writes that it gives the ability to interact with the research subjects in their own language and on their own terms. Summarizing, the qualitative approach present descriptive capability based on primary and unstructured data However, the qualitative method coming up with some weaknesses of as point out by Cassell & Symon (1994) that it departing from the original objectives of the research in response to the changing nature of the context. In that case it also arriving to different conclusions based on the same information depending on the personal characteristics of the researcher. The inability to investigate causality between different research phenomena and difficulty in explaining the difference in the quality and quantity of information obtained from different respondents and arriving at different, non-consistent conclusions appeared as the disadvantage of qualitative method. It follows requiring a high level of experience from the researcher  to obtain the targeted information from the respondent. Lastly, it also contributes lacking consistency and reliability because the researcher can employ different probing techniques and the respondent can choose to tell some particular stories and ignore others. In spite of that, the quantitative research method is used in this research. Seven eligible Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were participated in this survey. The methodology mostly could be summarized as quality and the reporting of reports were good. Yet, the Glasgow 1984 (UK) study was ‘quasi randomized’ with allocation according to the hospitals number and this had probable to engender bias. On the other hand, RCTs for evaluating the effect of intervention in this study, is used even though it is less in effect in answering questions about patient’s personal experience, attitude or psychological outcome. Sequentially, to explore psychological aspect of the pregnant women during the routine ultrasound screening, it could be squabble that it will be more apt to include qualitative research in this study. Review Manager (Revman) software was used to act upon statistical analysis. Meta – analysis was used to analyze and combine the result of the studies and it is an appropriate technique of data analysis. The plus of using this type of analysis is that it increases the sample size so that if the significant differences exist they are more likely to be demonstrated. Sacket (1996) mentioned that evidences from systematic review and Meta – analysis has taken the top place of the hierarchy because it provides misleading about the effect of intervention. In this research, quantitative and qualitative approaches were bringing into being be a foil for each other while the scantiness of each were essentially counterbalance. Conversely, it also point out the time and cost implications, from the time when the volume of data produced was enormous and an tremendously extensive knowledge foot was vital to analyze it. Seeing as the â€Å"method† section is a strength of the study. In this study, the sample size was large (25 036 women) and included variety of subjects. This heterogeneity of the subject has increases the generalizability of the findings as agreed by Burns & Groove (2005). The sampling method, sampling  criteria, and sample characteristics are clearly presented. The study could be considered as ethical because it was approval for conduct by an institutional review board but in state of affairs unethical because no informed consent was obtained from the object or sampling. RESULT In this research seven trial comprising 25,036 women were included ( Alesund 1999 ); Glasgow 1984; Perth 1993; new Zealand 1993;Trondheim 1984;Peterborough 1987 ; Radius 1993) . The attribute of the incorporated test on the whole was acceptable as assess by reviewers. There was no difference in antenatal, obstetric and neonatal intervention or morbidity in screened versus control group. From the result of the studies, routine ultrasound in late pregnancy was not associated with improvement in overall perinatal mortality. However, placental grading as an adjunct to third trimester examination scan was associated with a significant reduction in the stillbirth rate in the one trial that assessed it. There was no data on maternal psychological effect. Data with regard to long term substantive outcome in fetal neurodevelopment is lacking. IMPLICATIONS The study originated that there is thus far no evidence that routine ultrasound improves outcome or increase interventions. The fact, ultrasound could be used in late pregnancy to find the cause of compilation such as bleeding. In some situation, ultrasound screening in late pregnancy appears to be useful in placental grading. In some country, screening all pregnant women for possible problem late in pregnancy is controversial. The ultrasound is seen not demonstrated fetal harm if we use properly followed proper procedure. For the long term side effect, the users of repeated ultrasound are still not fully known regarding the exposure of the fetus. Some problems occur with such screening are increasing major intervention without benefit like caesarian section. Till now, there is no specific epidemiological evidence that ultrasound screening during pregnancy is harmful but no fact conclusion has been reached from available data, for  that reason continue awareness is necessary. In sp ite of that, the policy practice in the antenatal care needs a changeable. So, it is highly recommended that routine ultrasound in late pregnancy only be done for high risk mother such as mother with placental previa. RECOMMENDATIONS In fact, further studies on maternal physiological outcomes and long term neurodevelopment outcome for the fetus is essential to be carried out. In addition, the level of performance of technical operator and equipment should be sporadically audited and governed by a dogmatic body to prevent the mother and unborn child. In our day, nursing care is grant access to be root on the modern best evidence, interventions will be more useful and will effect in superior patient outcomes. So, nurses are motivated to learn how to group and interpret data to implement in their practice on the best evidence available. Evidence based practiced (EBP) has grows to be a critical concept for ethical liable in professionals nursing practice. As said by Mckenna et al (2004), negative beliefs, Krishbaum et al (2004), attitudes and value (Pravikoff et al 2005) have been shown to be powerful barrier to EBP. In order to overcome barriers in EBP, strategies are needed to recover such as awareness, knowledge and skills in evaluating evidences. It is also importance to have administrative support by providing access to EBP or research mentor in practice arena. As indicated by Avis (2006), the Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) are remains one of the best means to make your mind up whether one form of care is better than another. Since RCTs is purely and evaluation technique, the consequence of knowledge cannot be condense to the application of procedure to fabricate evidence. Besides, understand the result as well as the limitation of relevant research study, it also need an awareness of the background theories which influenced particular research studies. CONCLUSION In my view, this research is simply good because it provide complete information include literature review, sampling method, sampling size and etc. Basically the methodology was performed clearly and the result was presented well. All the statistical tools used were shown and the barrier exist were explained particularly. It is the most swollen with pride that the study had achieved the objectives and was helpful in development of nursing practice.

Human Resource Is the Most Important Asset of an Organization Essay Essay Example

Human Resource Is the Most Important Asset of an Organization Essay Essay Example Human Resource Is the Most Important Asset of an Organization Essay Paper Human Resource Is the Most Important Asset of an Organization Essay Paper This essay will supply a definition to Human Resource ( HR ) and find whether HR is the most of import plus in the organisation. The first portion of the essay will discourse the importance of human resource and how is it is indispensable to the success of any organisation. The 2nd portion will place the impacts on the public presentation of an administration. Human Resource ( HR ) and Human Resource Management ( HRM ) Oswin ( 2011 ) states that human resource is a term used to depict the persons who make up the work force of an organisation. Rouse ( 2011 ) defines human resources as the people who work for the organisation ; human resource direction is truly employee direction with an accent on those employees as assets of the concern. In drumhead. all organisation are made up of work forces and adult females to take up places to make specific undertaking and straight pull off by human resource direction. No affair what organisation there are out at that place in the concern universe. neither engineering nor machines can out crush the importance of holding qualified work forces and adult females to make the undertaking. ( Dashgarzadeh et al ( 2012 ) states that an organization’s human resources are of strategic importance. because cognition. accomplishments. abilities. behaviors. and interactions of employees have the possible to act upon organisational public presentation. It is true that without engineering. the sum of clip needed to mass bring forth their merchandises will take a longer clip but what are these machines without the people who operate them. Peoples Practices Noe et Al ( 2012 ) states that HRM patterns include analysing and planing work. finding human resource demands ( HR planning ) . pulling possible employees ( enrolling ) . taking employees ( choice ) . learning employees how to execute their occupations and fixing them for the hereafter ( preparation and development ) . honoring employees ( compensation ) . measuring their public presentation ( public presentation direction ) . and making a positive work environment ( employee relation ) . From the stated above. we can see that there a batch of money and clip spent to enroll the right people and measure up them for the right occupation. In a survey shows by Fleming ( 2008 ) . it can take up to ?8000 to replace a staff member. Impact to Organisation’s Performance A immense per centum of an organization’s budgets are spent on human resources – in the signifier of enrolling. preparation and development. wages. benefits and compensation. With the significant sum of money invested on human resource. the returns must be of a mensurable benefit to the organisation. ( U. S Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) 1999: 3 ) . If the organisation decides to cut costs. in-house coaching or mentoring would be an ideal measure to guarantee their development are up to tag alternatively of cut downing staff whom they had spent clip and money on. By deploying a non-qualified employee to a certain undertaking is black to any organisation. Selection – Choosing Employees At this phase. the organisation will be carry oning interviews to find the suitableness and abilities of the campaigner for the occupation. By using an experient and knowing campaigner means the organisation would be able to pass less resources. like money and operational hours. to develop and develop the person to run into the criterions that is required. By making so. the organisation would be able to salvage or put on other resources to increase the productiveness. Decision Human resources are the most of import assets a modern organisation has. because merely human existences can do. transportation and exercising cognition ( Write Works. 2006 ) . It is an extreme of import that the organisation recruit. select. train and develop the right people and guarantee that their public assistance and benefits are taken attention of. I must state that every individual working in the organisation is the anchor and play a major function in the success or failure of an organisation. regardless of how major or minor their occupation may be.

Days of Old Medical essays

Days of Old Medical essays In days of old, it was a common site to see individuals peddling serums or devices that were purported to cure all your afflictions. Most of these claims were, of course, fraudulent but held a fascinating and alluring idea. Despite todays medical milieu, and the many advances made in medical technology since those days of covered wagons and street side pharmacies, humans are still searching for some way to cure the afflictions of the human condition. What if someone made the claim, much like those traveling serum sellers of old, that they could provide mankind with a simple solution for many medical conditions? The concept of magnetotherapy, or the treatment of ailments through the exposure to magnetic fields, has been presented as just a solution for many of todays medical woes such as musculoskelatal injuries, soft tissue trauma and pain associated with ailments such as arthritis. The description of the interactions of magnetic fields with ions, based on the findings presented by Faradays Law versus that of the Hall effect reveal that magnetic fields are not all the same. Magnetic fields are found in two primary states. The fields that magnets create are either static, as is the case with permanent magnets (such as magnets commonly found on a refrigerator), or dynamic as in the case of an electromagnet. Electromagnets allow the generated magnetic field to be more dynamic and therefore can be made to pulse or fluctuate at different frequencies or intervals. Magnetic fields are typically measured in units of energy called Teslas or Gauss. This measurement standard is used to indicate field strengths for both pulsing and static magnetic fields. Some researchers assert all magnetic fields render equivalent beneficial results; however, based on a study conducted by Dal Monte, Fontanesi, Cadossi, Poli, and Giancecchi as well as many other published works from other researchers, dynamic magnet ...

How to Decide if You Should Dropout of College

How to Decide if You Should Dropout of College Have you been considering whether or not you should dropout of college? If so, then you certainly are not alone there are millions of students each year who make the decision to quit college and many of them go on to lead happy and successful lives. However, it is certainly a big decision to make and it is not one that should be taken lightly. It is important to think about why you are considering dropping out and what you will do once you do. With that in mind, let’s take some time to explore a few of the advantages and disadvantages that come along with making the choice to dropout of college. When It Is a Good Idea to Dropout of College It is often the case that choosing to quit educational affiliation has a stigma attached to it that can make you feel like a failure. However, the reality is that studying at higher education institutions just isn’t right for everyone. Some people just don’t settle into student life and others are perhaps not ready and could benefit from taking a year or two out! There are certainly plenty of times when choosing to dropout can be the best option. With that in mind, let’s take a look at some of the advantages that come with choosing to dropout of college: No Student Debt – For some people, education just is not a good fit, and this usually becomes apparent early on. You could choose to stick it out and spend a few years being miserable, or you can accept the fact that student life isn’t for you and dropout. If you make this decision early enough, then you should be able to get out of your course before you have a chance to rack up any student debt! Make Money Instead of Spending It – Following on from the previous point, if you choose to dropout, thus avoiding student debt then you will have the opportunity to start earning money rather than spending it! Studying is expensive with the average undergraduate accumulating over $30,000 of debt! This means most young people find themselves held back when it comes to getting on the property ladder or even getting a car, because they have to pay off the student debts first! College Can Wait – One of the advantages to quitting college when you are just not feeling it is that the ability to get a degree will always be there. While it may be expected that you go to college right out of high school, there is no rule that says you have to stick to that schedule. It is becoming increasingly popular for people to return to education later in life so there is no reason to rush. Take Time to Find Your Niche – Choosing a major at an early age can be overwhelming. Many students leave high school with only a vague idea of the kind of career they wish to pursue. Often this can lead to people feeling like they made bad choice. If you feel like this, then dropping out is going to give you time to find your niche. Try out different jobs and explore your interests in order to gain a clearer picture of how your future should play out! When Dropping Out of College is a Bad Idea As with any decision in life, choosing to dropout of college has its downsides. As much as there can be advantages to dropping out, there are just as many disadvantages and it is important to take these into consideration before making a decision. Some of the most common cons of dropping out include: Some Industries Require Recognized Qualifications – In certain careers, it is going to be almost impossible to get your foot in the door never mind progress to a higher level if you do not have the appropriate qualifications. Practical experience can only take you so far before you need to back it up with a degree. If you do intend to drop out then be sure to find out if your chosen career is likely to be hampered by a lack of qualifications. You Will Have to Explain Your Decision – While this next disadvantage is not necessarily one which will have a big impact on your future career path, it is still an important one to consider. Dropping out of college is very much bucking the trend and many of your peers and family will not be pleased about your choice. You may find yourself having to constantly explain to people why you made this decision. Even potential employers will be curious to know why you did not complete your studies. Make sure you are clear about your reasons and this will make it easier to explain to others. You May Not Have Money at First – When you are in college it is likely that you will have some form of material help. However, once you drop out that stops and you will need to find a job. That could take some time, and you may need to start on the bottom of the ladder on little more than minimum wage. It is important to remember that you may well be short on cash so try to have a plan in place for what you will live on when you drop out. The last thing you want to do is get into debt when you have just avoided student loans! In Conclusion, there are lots of things to consider before you decide to officially dropout of college. One thing is clear, it is a decision that will be a very personal one and it is important not to get too bogged down in what is expected of you. Try not to think of dropping out as a shameful thing. There are as many advantages as there are disadvantages. In the end, all that really matters is coming to decision that is that makes you feel better. If that means you dropout of college than that’s perfectly fine, as long as your choice is reasonable.

Interpretative Panel of Cypriot Bichrome III equestrian figurine, Article

Interpretative Panel of Cypriot Bichrome III equestrian figurine, Cypro-Archaic II, c. 600475 BCE - Article Example The artifacts had originally been excavated from Cyprus between 1955 and 1961 after the famous James Stewart’s expeditions to Cyprus.2 Despite being a professor of archeology at Sydney University, James Stewart received significant support for his archeological expeditions from the University of Melbourne. As a result, the expeditions were largely known as Melbourne Cyprus Expeditions and many artefacts such as Cypriot Bichrome III equestrian figurine were later allocated to the University of Melbourne. Historically, figurines of horses mounted with riders were particularly common in during the cyproarchaic II periods. Cyprus the origin of the figurines is a Mediterranean island situated south of Turkey, Easy of Greece, North of Egypt and west of Syria and Lebanon3. Equestrian figurines are small sculptures of horses and their riders. Generally, similar historic artifact of equestrian figurines like the one currently housed in the university of Melbourne art collection have been found in various sanctuaries and tombs belonging to stone age Cyprus societies4. It is widely believed that during the antiquities (particularly between 600 and 475 BCE), little figures were commonly left by worshippers at sanctuaries as part of the offerings of the ancient Cypriots to their gods and goddesses5. However, it was expensive to own a horse during the cypro achaic II period and it is only probable that the figurines like the cypriot Bichrome III equestrian sculpture may have been left by the wealthy and nobles who may have wanted to emphasize how important or wealthy they were. Sagona, A., ‘Horse and rider figurine’, in C. McAuliffe and P. Yule, Treasures: Highlights of the Cultural Collections of the University of Melbourne, The Miegunyah Press: Carlton, 2003, pp. 134–

Iraq Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Iraq - Assignment Example However, the situation has changed for the better thus indicating that the international community is committed to helping nations protect themselves against external attacks. However, the PM did not state the exact time the offensive might be launched. He said the timing depends on â€Å"our own preparation† and â€Å"the situation on the ground†. With the help of US-led coalition air strikes, soldiers as well as allied Shia militiamen have the coordination needed to retake territory north of Baghdad. Analysis: Mr. Abadi’s actions indicate that he wants to run Iraq unemotionally and rationally as he managed hi engineering firm while in exile in the UK. He wants to be non-discriminative as his predecessor who only pushed for the sectarian interests of the Shia population and ignored Sunni population. He is committed to ending sectarianism and governing in the best interests of the entire Iraq. He is likely to win the battle because Islamic state no longer inspires the terror it once did. The close coordination between Iraqi security forces, civilian volunteer fighters, the US army and the Peshmerga is likely to make the operation a success. Mr. Abadi is certain that Iraq will be able to liberate Mosul without any problems or friction in that

American government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

American government - Essay Example bject; he has interest of his own; he soon begins to think that he may be happy, great and glorious, by oppressing his fellow citizens; and that he may raise himself to grandeur on the ruins of his country. In a large republic, the public good is sacrificed to a thousand views; it is subordinate to exceptions, and depends on accidents† (Brutus chap 4). In contrast, the interest of the public themselves are easier perceived and achieved in a small republic due to the similarity in manners, sentiments and interests, with greed and abuses such as those mentioned greatly minimized; thus, the vision of a homogeneous and virtuous society where all are treated equally with deserved respect regardless of background and/or the color of their skin. Like Brutus, Sam Adams’ letter to John Scollay had real concerns about the inconsistencies of the authorities powers granted in the United States Constitution. A crusader of true independence that entailed equality and freedom to all men, Sam, an ardent Christian living by the same principles, was against the institution of slavery, arguing that liberty had to be directed towards benevolent/kind/caring purposes, otherwise, it risked being an excuse for immorality in the new nation; he envision a nation grounded on Christian principles of mutual preservation of liberty and where every life is treated with respect and dignity (Harris and Kidd 172-173). Brutus argues that the opinion of the greatest men as well as the experience of mankind bear him testimony against the idea of an extensive republic, and gives a plethora of examples, right from the Grecian and Roman republics, to the monarchies of Europe that all ‘proved the destruction of liberty and [are] abhorrent to the spirit of a free republic’. An experienced judge, Robert Yates was against the independence of the judiciary, more particularly with regards to the Supreme Court that he argued would become a source of almost unlimited federal powers. Yates asserted

Journals 578 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journals 578 - Essay Example It was especially interesting to find that the military established a brotherhood for soldiers, where each person was to protect the other. Many soldiers express joy when killing their enemies, yet the author indicated that these emotions are far from joy because when killing the enemy most soldiers have no fear and feel like they cannot be harmed. The author also stated that many soldiers face a psychological condition where they feel that they have changed. This can be seen through their actions, yet they feel unconnected to their bodies and minds; this makes it hard for them to find a rational explanation to their behavior. The author also pointed out another fact that was interesting to me, which was that most people killed in conflict with the USA are referred to collateral damage, yet when American soldiers are killed they are referred to as innocents who lost their lives. Not only that, many policies created by the leaders come from using the religion and culture of other nati ons as a threat to the USA. This is done to reshape the image of these countries to the public toward a negative perception so that people will start viewing them as enemies. Chapter (1-8) The author of the book indicated that it is important to include women in the field of politics, yet many women who are involved in the political sphere do not have their opinions taken into consideration by their male peers. This can be connected to the idea that men are viewed as stronger than women, who are considered to be weaker and more peaceful. I believe that it is important to respect the opinions of women because this will not only help people to view politics from a different perspective but it will also help to understand and recognize crimes committed against women in conflicts. Indeed, the author indicated that many women do not report that they were are sexually assaulted or raped. As a result, it is hard for human rights organizations and the United Nations to recognize acts of rap e as a serious issue. I believe that if women are more involved in making policies then more victims of rape and war will be encouraged to talk about their issues. Moreover, the author pointed out that Laura Bush focused on liberating the women of Afghanistan. However, in my opinion, and similar to what I pointed in my QIP, Laura Bush focused more on liberating women from wearing Burqa instead of focusing on their freedom. Indeed, many movements and policies are made to benefit women, yet they mostly fail. I believe that organizations and policymakers tend to view these issues from their own perspectives and not from the perspectives of the affected women. As a result, they end up making policies that do not suit the needs of those women. In addition, this leads to an emphasis on the importance of negotiation between two parties, as it helps each party to understand each side's opinion and then respect that opinion. In addition, I was also impressed with the veracity of non-violent movements that women have led all over the world. This takes me back to the film we watched in class, â€Å"Pray the Devil to Hell.† The film shows that when women start to protest the motive was to get rid of violence in their countries. They were able to satisfy their goals by using religious and faith communities to gather as many women as they could find. What was really interesting to me was

Diageo-Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Diageo-Marketing - Case Study Example The firm has distilleries in Europe and North America. Allied Domecq's retail operations include the Baskin-Robbins, Dunkin' Donuts, and Togo's Eateries franchises. Allied was acquired by Pernod Ricard in 2005. (Source from website: http://www.hoovers.com/allied-domecq/--ID__50001--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml) Constellation Brands: The Company makes and distributes about 200 brands of beer, wine, and spirits in the US and the UK. Its Constellation Wines division is the global leader in wine sales, offering brands such as Almaden, Banrock Station, Hardys, Inglenook, Vendange, and Arbor Mist. Constellation also makes premium wines including Estancia, Ravenswood, and Simi. Constellation Brands imports beers such as Corona and Tsingtao, markets distilled spirits such as Fleishmann's and Barton, and produces and distributes cider, wine, and bottled water in the UK. (Source from website http://www.hoovers.com/constellation-brands/--ID__11800--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml) Fortune Brands: The holding company is a leading US producer and distributor of distilled spirits (Jim Beam, DeKuyper, Knob Creek, Absolut) and golf equipment (Titleist, Cobra, FootJoy, Pinnacle). Bacardi, Adolph Coors, Carlsberg, Fosters, SABMiller and Pernod Ricard. It also has a diversified non-alcoholic product mix and has added former Allied Domecq brands Sauza, Courvoisier, Canadian Club, and Clos du Bois to its fold. (Source from website: http://www.hoovers.com/fortune-brands/--ID__10075--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml) Data from website: http://www.diageo.com/NR/rdonlyres/E8BFE3FB-B7D8-461B-8E27-4D8449A1C350/0/DiageoFactSheet2006.pdf. Diageo is the leader in terms of revenues and global market share. In 2005, had a market share... This essay describes the Diageo company, that is a very well-known brand globally and markets all over the world that includes including Great Britain, Ireland, United States, Canada, Spain, Italy, Africa, Latin America, Australia, India and the Caribbean. It is stated by the researcher that Diageo is the world's leading premium drinks business with an outstanding collection of alcohol beverage brands across spirits, wine and beer categories. These brands include: Smirnoff, Johnnie Walker, Guinness, Baileys, J&B, Captain Morgan, Cuervo, Tanqueray, Crown Royal and Beaulieu Vineyard and Sterling Vineyards wines. The researcher then analyzes different marketing strategies that were used by the company, as well as discusses the analysis of the Diageo's competitors. This essay also provides the reader with PEST Analysis and SWOT analysis on the topic, discussing the topic of strengths and weaknesses and opportunities of the company as well as it's technological, social, political and cult ural aspects. In addition, the researcher provides his own recommendations on the topic and concluds that Diageo has always been in tune with the dynamic environment and has been able to strategize accordingly. This has made it a success story and a created a place for itself in the alcoholic beverage industry which is open to numerous sensitive and volatile issues. Selective acquisitions to support brand growth, on-going innovation and customer focus strategies will continue take Diageo on the path to success.

Implication of Bad Managerial Ethics in Enron Term Paper

Implication of Bad Managerial Ethics in Enron - Term Paper Example On the other hand, the failure of a business venture can be attributed to upholding unethical values such as deception and complacency. Ethics can be understood well by paying special attention to the Enron scandal. This paper discusses the implications of unethical practice. It begins by bringing out the unethical practices that occurred at Enron and the implications. To begin with, the Enron scam, unearthed in 2001, eventually caused the collapse of Enron, an Energy Corporation based in the United States and the complete closure of an accounting and re-organization firm called Arthur Andersen. Apart from being the mega insolvency reorganization in the history of the United States during that time, Enron was also regarded as the huge audit failure. Enron problems owe their origin to Jeffrey Skilling, who created a group of executives that used accounting loopholes, specific purpose entities and negative financial reporting to hide huge amount of dollars in the form of debts that cam e from scrupulous deals as well as projects (Swartz & Sherron, 2004). Chief Financial Manager Andrew Fastow together with other managers not only confused Enron’s management board and accounts committee on highly vulnerable accounting practices, but also forced Andersen to overlook the issues (Collins, 2006). Shareholders lost eleven billion dollars (Schein, 2005), when the price of stocks at Enron that had gained a peak of ninety dollars per share as of mid 2000, dropped by less than one dollar by the close of 2001.The United States Securities and Commission of Exchange started an inquiry, and rival competitor from Houston, Dynergy wanted to buy the firm at a subsidized price. The deal collapsed, and in2001, Enron petitioned for insolvency under chapter eleven of the US Bankruptcy Law (Cruver, 2003). Furthermore, the implication was that many managers at Enron Corporation were arrested for a several charges and later put behind bars. The auditor at Enron, Arthur Andersen, wa s proven guilty by a District Court in the US. However, when the decision was rescinded by the United States Supreme Court, the firm had lost many customers. Workers and shareholders got limited returns from lawsuits, despite forfeiting billions in form of pensions as well as stock prices. As a result of the scam, new rules and laws were passed to increase the validity of financial communication for public firms. The unethical events that took place at Enron included embracing a culture which regarded innovation coupled with unlimited ambition to be vital factors that produced good returns within a short time. However, this theory focused on the short term aspect rather than long term whereby achieving maximum profits becomes cumbersome. This forces employees to bend the rules until the limitations of ethics are ignored in the quest for success (Toffler & Jennifer, 2004). It is worth noting that Enron enjoyed a lot of success initially by raking in a lot of earnings as well as cash flows. Therefore, in order to maintain this trend they resorted to join a faulty network of partnerships and also employed questionable auditing procedures. Enron managers thought that it was the best path for the organization. The crucial question that comes out of this initiative is whether it was ethical for the executives to pursue that course. In my view, it can be said that to some extent it was given the fact that the company realized a lot of earnings. However, to a large extent the behavior depicted by the executives of Enron constituted the highest violation of ethical values since it is responsible for the collapse of Enron. In addition, my

Diageo-Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Diageo-Marketing - Case Study Example The firm has distilleries in Europe and North America. Allied Domecq's retail operations include the Baskin-Robbins, Dunkin' Donuts, and Togo's Eateries franchises. Allied was acquired by Pernod Ricard in 2005. (Source from website: http://www.hoovers.com/allied-domecq/--ID__50001--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml) Constellation Brands: The Company makes and distributes about 200 brands of beer, wine, and spirits in the US and the UK. Its Constellation Wines division is the global leader in wine sales, offering brands such as Almaden, Banrock Station, Hardys, Inglenook, Vendange, and Arbor Mist. Constellation also makes premium wines including Estancia, Ravenswood, and Simi. Constellation Brands imports beers such as Corona and Tsingtao, markets distilled spirits such as Fleishmann's and Barton, and produces and distributes cider, wine, and bottled water in the UK. (Source from website http://www.hoovers.com/constellation-brands/--ID__11800--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml) Fortune Brands: The holding company is a leading US producer and distributor of distilled spirits (Jim Beam, DeKuyper, Knob Creek, Absolut) and golf equipment (Titleist, Cobra, FootJoy, Pinnacle). Bacardi, Adolph Coors, Carlsberg, Fosters, SABMiller and Pernod Ricard. It also has a diversified non-alcoholic product mix and has added former Allied Domecq brands Sauza, Courvoisier, Canadian Club, and Clos du Bois to its fold. (Source from website: http://www.hoovers.com/fortune-brands/--ID__10075--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml) Data from website: http://www.diageo.com/NR/rdonlyres/E8BFE3FB-B7D8-461B-8E27-4D8449A1C350/0/DiageoFactSheet2006.pdf. Diageo is the leader in terms of revenues and global market share. In 2005, had a market share... This essay describes the Diageo company, that is a very well-known brand globally and markets all over the world that includes including Great Britain, Ireland, United States, Canada, Spain, Italy, Africa, Latin America, Australia, India and the Caribbean. It is stated by the researcher that Diageo is the world's leading premium drinks business with an outstanding collection of alcohol beverage brands across spirits, wine and beer categories. These brands include: Smirnoff, Johnnie Walker, Guinness, Baileys, J&B, Captain Morgan, Cuervo, Tanqueray, Crown Royal and Beaulieu Vineyard and Sterling Vineyards wines. The researcher then analyzes different marketing strategies that were used by the company, as well as discusses the analysis of the Diageo's competitors. This essay also provides the reader with PEST Analysis and SWOT analysis on the topic, discussing the topic of strengths and weaknesses and opportunities of the company as well as it's technological, social, political and cult ural aspects. In addition, the researcher provides his own recommendations on the topic and concluds that Diageo has always been in tune with the dynamic environment and has been able to strategize accordingly. This has made it a success story and a created a place for itself in the alcoholic beverage industry which is open to numerous sensitive and volatile issues. Selective acquisitions to support brand growth, on-going innovation and customer focus strategies will continue take Diageo on the path to success.

Robert E. Lee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Robert E. Lee - Essay Example Robert Edward Lee was one of the most beloved generals of the Civil War and possibly of all American history. To the men he led he was a hero, and even after his death he was still loved by all his former troops. He was a man who put everybody above himself. Robert E. Lee was born in Stratford, Virginia; the date was January 19, 1807. His father, Henry Lee, was well recognized with Washingtons army as Lighthorse Harry as well as it was a fame that rested not just on his cavalry exploits but upon his wonderful strategic and tactical ability. An important portion of his fame was attributed to him for beating off surprising British assault at Spread Eagle Tavern in January, 1778. On the evening of September 28, 1870, Lee became ill and was unable to speak coherently. He had suffered from a stroke that damaged the frontal lobes of the brain, which made speech impossible. Two weeks after lee got the stroke he took his breath on October 12, 1870. He was buried under the Lee Chapel which is located in Washington. Robert enrolled in the U.S. Military Academy in 1825 he wanted a successful career in the military. He in a class of 46 of cadets he ranked second. Immediately after graduation, at the age of 21 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Engineering Corps. On the occurrence of the Mexican War, in the year 1846, Lee was appointed to General Winfield Scotts private staff (William & Robert 1992) He went a head to Brazos on the sixteenth of January, 1847. The General was deep in planning for the combat at Vera Cruz. This was going to be Lees first experience under real fire. Due to his brilliant leadership and expertise in strategy, he won the honor of General Scott. Scott called Lee the best military mastermind in America, and the greatest soldier he ever laid eyes on in the field. Lee was there to see the admit defeat to the Mexicans on the 29th of March. He survived a lot of encounters by the enemy in the war

The Effects Of Gibberellic Acid

The Effects Of Gibberellic Acid The main objective for this experiment was to examine the effects of Gibberellic Acid which is a plant hormone on different genotypes of a plant called Brasscia rapa, which included wild type, petite, elongate, and rosette. The wild type and petite have the same amount of Gibberellic Acid, but the elongate over produces it and rosette under produces it. The experiment was placed on top of a wick, while the wick is leading the underneath to keep the plants moisturized. The project took place over eight days. Each group member came in each day and measured the height plant growth with a small ruler in mm. We recorded the information and collected them into a chart. Introduction: A hormone is a chemical that is released on cell or part of a body and travels to some target cell where a receptor protein will bind that hormone and trigger of some change within the cell of the receiving cell. Since plant dont have a nervous system, hormones are the major way that plant tissues communicate each other (Campbell Reece, 2010). Gibberellic Acid is plant hormone that occurs in plant growth. Gibberellic Acid also known as GA3 is involve in stem elongation and increasing the size of plant parts. GA3 works on germination by supporting growth in the embryo of a seed. In other words, GA3 causes quick germination of the seed and break out of dormancy (Seed Dormancy and Effects of Plant Growth). They are also involve in having the plant become active again if they loose their leave during the winter. The main focus for this experiment is to prove how much hormones effect the plant growth. Cycocel is plant growth that provides height control by reducing stem elongation. When shoots and stems are treated with Cycocel, they are more impact and stronger with deeper green growth. Cycocel inhibits GA3 from elongating the stems of the plants (The Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Cycocel on The Growth of Cultured Leaf Tissue). The plant that was used for this experiment was Brassica rapa plant. It is a fast growing plant, complete its life cycle in around forty days also mostly related to the mustard group. There were four different genotypes used to complete this experiment. They were wild type, petite, and rosette(McKeon and Warren, 2012). The rosette plant is much shorter than a wild type plant. The elongated is much taller than a wild-type plant. The petite plant is about half as tall as a wild-type plant. Three different experiments were done on the genotypes. First water was added to the control, second the Gibberellin Acid 3, and then Cycocel was added to the genotypes. Then comparison was made to their growth to see much they were affected. The purpose of this experiment was to make a comparison of the effects of the GA3 and Cycocel on brassica plants. Then this will allow us to measure the growth of the plants. The hypothesis for this experiment is that when adding GA3 to the rosette of Brassica rapa the plants will increase in its height compared to the plants that have just water when adding GA3 to the wild type of Brassica rapa the plants will again increase in it height compared to the plants that have just water added to them. Material and Method: The four different genotype used for this experiment were wild type, petite, and elongated, rosette. The plants were planted in Styrofoam container that had squares and each square had one plant planted on. The Styrofoam was placed firmly on top of a wick material that led to water under the plants (figure 1). The wick absorbs water and carries it into the plants and this provides a constant source of water for the fast plants. The plants were divided into three separate sections because they were sprayed with three different solutions: water for control, Gibberellic Acid (100ppm solution), and Cycocel (1:100 dilution) or B-Nine (McKeon and Warren, 2012). A tube was placed around the plant and sprayed three times over the plants. The tube was used in order to protect the other two plants. A small ruler was used to measure the plants. The plants were measured once a day for eight days in mm, they were measured from the top of the Styrofoam to the top of the plants. We followed their growth and effect of the solutions against the plant for eight days, and then we organized the information into graphs to compare their growth for eight days. Figure 1 Plant Set-Up and Treatments: This is the actual setup for the plants. Each square was planted with one plant. Results: These graphs were collected from the experiment and the measurements were done in mm. Figure 2 Wild Type Treated Growth Chart: This explains the growth for the wild type when Brassica rapa plants are treated with GA3 and Cycocel. As this figure shows, the GA3 treated plants grew much bigger than the other plants. The Cycocel did not grow as big as the GA3. Figure 3 Petite Treated Growth Chart: This result is from the petite of the Brassica rapa. The graph shows that the results look similar to figure2. The GA3 treated plant expanded its growth but the Cycocel treated plant did not. Figure 4 Elongated Treated Growth Chart: These results are from the experiment of Elongated of brassica rapa. It shows that GA3 treated plants are still expanding and the control seems to be expanding too but not as much as the GA3 treated plants. Overall, the control and the GA3 grew a lot taller than the Cycocel treated plants. Figure 5 Rosette Treated Growth Chart: these results show the Rosette of Brassica rapa experiment. It shows that GA3 treated plants show the most growth. They also show that there were small differences between the control plants and the Cycocel treated plants. They grew in unity together, but the Cycocel has only small effects on the plants. Discussions: For the results for the wild types experiments, the plants that were treated with the GA3 solution grew an extraordinary amount compared to the control. They grew about 2 mm a day. The plants that were treated with Cycocel solution grew about the same as the control. This shows that the Cycocel treated plants did not have that great effect on the plants metabolism. At the end of experiment the control a little more than the Cycocel treated plants, as seen in Figure 2. The results of Petite experiment were roughly the same as the Wild Type. The plants that were treated with the GA3 solution grew a few mm more than the control and the Cycocel treated plants. As Figure 3 show, the control and the Cycocel treated plants grew equally. On the final day of the experiment, the control showed a dramatic increase in its growth, but the Cycocel treated plants did not increase at all, as seen in Figure 3. The results for elongated experiment were a little different from the other two experiments. The GA3 treated plants grew even more. The control grew a large amount of growth. The Cycocel treated plants had a very small amount of growth compared to the other two experiments, as seen in Figure 4. The final experiment that was completed was the Rosette of Brassica rapa. The experiment showed the most growth with GA3 treated plants. The Cycocel treated plants and the control grew almost at the same length in each experiment, as seen in Figure 5. The results of the experiment do support the hypothesis. It was hypothesized that if we add GA3 solution to the Rosette of Brassica rapa the plants will increase in its height compared to the plants that have just water. It was also hypothesized that if we added the GA3 to the Wild Type of Brassica rapa the plants will again increase in it height compared to the plants that have just water added to them. The GA3 solution added to Rosette and The GA3 added to the Wild Type did increase in every experiment until the last. Conclusion In conclusion, experiment show the GA3 does effect the growth of the plant, but only it is only effective when it is used to treat it with plants. When GA3 is added to a plant with an equal amount of gibberellins, it increases its growth compared to the plants treated with water. The experiment also shows that GA3 is extremely important in germination of seed and plants. Literature Cited : Bristow, Michael. The Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Cycocel on The Growth of Cultured Leaf Tissue. 20 Dec. (1965): 1-8. Print. McKeon Sr, Brian, and James T. Warren Jr. Biology 240: Form and Function A laboratory Manual. 8th ed. Penn State Erie, The Behrend College: School of Science, Biology Program, 2012. 41-43 Reece, Jane B., Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, and Robert B. Jackson. Campbell Biology. 9th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2010. Yomi, Fadimu O. Seed Dormancy and Effects of Plant Growth Substances on the Seeding Growth of Hog Plum (Spondias mombin) Linn.. Apr. (2011): 1-2. Print.

Drawings for King Lear :: William Shakespeare Plays Literature Essays

Drawings for King Lear While in Paris in 1843-4, Ford Madox Brown sketched a set of eighteen pen-and-ink studies for King Lear. Two designs he later developed as finished paintings--Lear and Cordelia (1848-49) and Cordelia's Portion (1866)--and a third he turned into an oil-sketch, Cordelia Parting from Her Sisters (1854). Sixteen of the drawings were shown in 1865 at his Picadilly Exhibition, and Brown wrote the captions that appear below the drawings for the exhibition catalog. The sixteen sketches with captions are owned by the Whitworth Gallery in Manchester, and the two without captions are in the City Museum and Art Gallery of Birmingham. The drawings are done in pen and sepia ink over pencil on paper; they are approximately 11 x 14 inches in size. The idea of a series such as this was not original with Brown; the German artist Moritz Retzsch had completed his series of outlines of Shakespeare's plays (1828-46), which included a series on King Lear, and Eugà ¨ne Delacroix had published his series of thirteen lithographs for Hamlet in 1843, a year before Brown executed his drawings. Critics think Brown knew the work of both artists and was influenced by them. Brown regarded these sketches as no more than "outlines," writing in the catalogue that accompanied his 1865 retrospective exhibition that they "were never intended but as rude first ideas for future more finished designs" (19). Despite their unfinished quality, they powerfully evoke what Lucy Rabin describes as a "vaguely remote historical period" (52), a time represented by Shakespeare as post-Roman but still pre-Christian. Ford Madox Hueffer, the painter's grandson, suggests that the crudity of the sketches was, in fact, deliberate--Brown's attempt to portray in bold, almost flat designs the barbarity of Lear and the era in which he lived (53). Brown reveals in these simple depictions an understanding of King Lear that far surpasses anything the critics had to say about a play that was not at all popular in the nineteenth century. Charles Lamb observed early in the century that "Lear is essentially impossible to be represented on a stage," and at the end of the century--as in, for example, a review of Sir Henry Irving's King Lear at the Lyceum Theatre--the critics were still quoting Lamb and asserting that King Lear "would not be tolerated for an hour if produced without the name of Shakspere" (Illustrated London News 101:637). Small wonder that Sir Henry Irving was reportedly nervous and anxious when he produced this unpopular play at the Lyceum in 1892.

Coming of Age in Richard Wrights Black Boy Essay -- Wright Black Boy

Coming of Age in Wright's Black Boy Black Boy, created by Richard Wright with his soul and written as his shadow, is a subtly actualized chronicle of an adolescent's coming of age in the United States accompanying by a clear-cut denunciation of the Southern racial intolerance. Throughout the novel, said reasons for novelizing this superb piece of work, is upheld by numerous citations of maturity related incidents obscured by the racial era. With the myriad ingenious assertions within Black Boy in the context of the motivation in freelancing this novel, it is to my understanding that binary objectives takes place of which are truly relevant to one another. Ignorant readers assumed that Wright's reflections on childhood and youth ended with hope and promise. Ironically, Wright actually ended his reflections on juvenility with a ephemeral indictment on the South: "This was the culture from which I sprang. This was the terror from which I fled." [Page 303] Wright characterized himself in a society of racial consternation in which he was bound to deliberately undergo. He was confronted with the nurture in which he was soon frightened to reveal. His inexperienced nature encumbrance with obscene phenomenon in which he fled. His conception narrated his childhood, and correspondingly, the inhumane ethnic critique that was intimidating to his innocent intellect. And beyond reasons, affiliated both interpretations in a rationalized manner by utilizing the environmental factors as a part of growing up and indirectly criticized the acrimonious racism.  ... ...e repercussion to both a transcription of Wright's coming of age and his morally devious attack on the racial South. With the humanistic affirmations of such a conclusion that Black Boy was written as a scripture of one's coming of age as well as a seized inform against the Southern prejudice, it is unmistakable that Richard Wright composed this novel as a work of stunning imagination and mythic power with said reassuring reasons. Interdependent, as well as interrelated syllogism, sets my hindmost justified revelation that foresees no other echo, if an echo ever exist. Subsequently a controversy recapitulation, his "hazy notion that life could be lived with dignity, that the personalities of others should not be violated, that men should be able to confront other men without fear or shame."

Aeeta Riddles

The first one was written by the Etas language and followed by an English translation. The answer key follows: 1. Multimedia It wears a crown but isn't a queen It has scales but isn't a fish. 2 . Cassini nag pià ±atas in Pap Nag mismanage you lulu an? There Is a cave with a bolo In It Full of bones It Isn't a grave. 3. Ajar Tanganyika nag nick Away Piccalilli. When you cut it It is mended without a scar. 4. Appeal Gait Awn an did maillot. The thigh of Gatherer all scrape at. 5. Bulgarian aka Agenda Lilliputian mammal. Black stone at Agenda, surrounded by little fishes. 1 OFFThis creature never leaves unless he brings his home. 7. Nu baby ay canvassing; nu areola ay mammalian. It is noisy when shallow, and silent when deep. 8. Nu Babylonian ay embedded. If I open it, it gossips. 9. You Anza y gaff an capacity an nanas. The child is the cause of his mother's death. 10. Nu gaff eBay, nu aha totals Sea by night, tube by day. 1 1 . Nu maturated, attendant, nu metadata, phobia. Standing i t is short, sitting it is tall. 12. Ana data sinology name Mikado nu mature. There's a creature that does not close its eyes when asleep. 13. Incur sauna, manmade Anatolia.If he says he goes, he means he comes. 14. Goanna nu using y mama; managerial pay sill y mina. If you pull your daddy's penis, your mommy's vagina screams too. 15. Cabana you nag an; nasals-assist you Allan an. Inside is full of stones, outside is full of thorns. 16. Titian is canny; dude meme Maida-tit. You stare at it often, yet you never have seen it. 17. Citation SE gaffing; Inca SE anion. Come now, it is dark; go now, it's dawn. 18. Immaculate-latte, mean macaroon. It Jumps and Jumps but cannot move out of its place. 19. Nu manure ay mallow, nu unanimous ay maybug.If it comes it's slow, if it goes up, it's fast. 20. Asana way packet data queue lag. 21 . Is like a managing, ambulated; cabling cue managing, amphibians. Before meals, I am full, after meals I am hungry. ANSWERS 1. Pippin (Pineapple) Simi ( Mouth) 2. 3. Datum (Water) 4. Honey 5. Mortar 6. Adage (turtle) mahatma (river) 7. 8. Bionic (fan) 9. Baht (bananas) 10. AFC (mat) 11. Tat (dog) 12. Durum (grasshopper) 13. Load (shrimp) 14. Company (bell) 15. Imaging Kiwifruit) 16. Sinai (sun) sawing (window) 17. Making (sewing machine) 18. 19. Duggan (booger) 20. Cop (cup) 21 . Caldera (kettle, pot) 1.Mandamuses A instantiating. There is a cave with a bolo in it Full of bones it isn't a grave. Away piccalilli. The thigh of Gait, where all scrape at. 6. Ion sinology, name manna nu name, pan ion bally an. There's a creature that does not close its eyes when asleep. 13. Incur sauna, gammed Anatolia. If you pull your daddy's penis, your mommy's vagina screams too. Inside is full of stones, outside is full of thorns. 16. Titian is canny; dude meme Maida-tit. It Jumps and Jumps but cannot move out of its place. 19. Nu manure ay mallow, nu unanimous ay maybug. Who is he that has but one ear?

The 10 commandments of employee discipline and dismissal

Last year alone, hundreds of adverse rulings were slapped upon scores of companies, resulting to millions of liabilities. It is sad to note that many employers today, either abetted by their HR and personnel managers, or against the professional advice of HR and lawyers, do not really adhere to the provisions of the Labor Code, on the rules of dealing with their own workers in the matter of discipline and dismissal. Despite all the seminars, workshops and symposia, that HR personnel attend regularly, management never seems to learn. The result could be very damaging, if not disastrous. An adverse decision by the NLRC and the Supreme Court entails not only an order to reinstate workers and pay them full backwages but also moral and exemplary damages. The greatest damage is upon the good name and corporate image and goodwill of the companies, or an irreparable damage on the harmonious relations between employees and management, resulting to declines in productivity, quality and profits. To help address this problem, this writer is now embarking on an advocacy through the PMAP, the official association of people managers in order to address this problem. Last week, I was in Baguio, then to Iligan. Today, I am in Davao then later this week, to Cagayan de Oro, in July in Tacloban, Bicol and Batangas. By August, I will conduct seminars in Cebu, Mandaue, and Mactan on the critical need to go back to the rule of law in leading and managing people. I have 10 commandments on employee discipline and dismissal. First, management should respect the workers' rights in the exercise of the employers' prerogatives to hire and fire people, to transfer, promote and demote. The Labor Code is explicit and unequivocal. The DOLE, NLRC and the Supreme Courts are strict and uncompromising. The second commandment is that management should adhere to the specific just causes for termination of employment, under Article 282 of the Code, like serious misconduct, insubordination, fraud, breach of trust, gross and habitual negligence and crimes. Third, employers should follow the authorized causes under Article 283, like redundancy and retrenchment, labor-saving devices and closures. Fourth, the strict rules on due process, under Article 277 (b) should never be compromised. Fifth, management should always bear in mind that, in illegal dismissal cases, it is the employers and not the complainants who have the burden of proof. Sixth, the proof must be enough to qualify, under the law, and controlling doctrine, as falling within the quantum of substantial evidence. In Cebu alone, many firms failed to comply with these basic principles. The seventh commandment is that management should master the art and science of proper and adequate documentation, from hiring to retiring. Legal forms should be prepared following the intricate procedures and formalities. The advice of expert lawyers should be sought. Some lawyers may be excellent in criminal and civil laws but are absolutely clueless in the practice of labor laws and labor relations. Any mistake could endanger the viability of the business and the career of CEOs and COOs and some HR executives. Commandment number 8 is the crucial choice of lawyers and consultants and the proper handling of labor cases before the Labor Arbiters and the NLRC, the appellate and the Supreme Court. The ninth commandment is knowing how to respond to summons, adverse decisions, writs of executions and other legal processes. Out of sheer lack of knowledge or worse, lack of respect for law and fundamental workers' rights, many monumental mistakes had been committed. The tenth is for management to proactively train their executives, managers and HR staff how to avoid and prevent cases to be filed against the company. A small investment in these forward-looking, developmental and empowering seminars can go a long way in saving the business from the adverse effects of unfavorable court rulings.

The role of corporate identity in the Malaysian higher education sector

The Role of Corporate Identity in the Malayan Higher Education SectorIdentity, image and repute are the chief docket of organisation through corporate communicating activities. Van Riel ( 1997 ) survey found that there are three chief constructs in corporate communicating that are ever being studied by bookmans. The constructs are corporate individuality, corporate repute and communicating direction. On overall, corporate communicating is referred to as communicating, added with advertisement, media matter, fiscal communicating, employee communicating and crisis communicating. In order to be effectual, every organisation needs a clear sense of intent that people within it understand. They besides need a strong sense of belonging. Purpose and belonging is the two aspect of individualities. Every organisation is alone and the individuality must jump from organisation ‘s ain roots, its personality, its strengths and its failings. The individuality of the cooperation must be so clear that it becomes the yardstick against which its merchandises and services, behaviours and actions are measured. This means that the individuality can non merely be a slogan, or a aggregation of phrases: it must be seeable, touchable and all encompassing. Everything that organisation does must be an avowal of its individuality. In globalisation universe, both academic and concern involvements in corporate individuality have increased significantly in recent old ages. Organizations have realised that a strong individuality can assist them aline with the market place, attract investing, actuate employees and serve as a agency to distinguish their merchandises and services. Identity is now widely recognised as an effectual strategic instrument and a agency to accomplish competitory advantage ( Schmidt, 1995 ) . Thus, many organisations are endeavoring to develop a distinguishable and recognizable individuality. Certain features of an efficacious corporate individuality include a repute for high quality goods and services, a robust fiscal public presentation, a harmonious workplace environment, and a repute for societal and environmental duty ( Einwiller and Will, 2002 ) Harmonizing to Melewar and Sibel Akel ( 2005 ) , the globalization of concern has eventually been embraced by the higher instruction sector in which instruction is seen as a service that could be marketed worldwide. Universities and other establishments of higher instruction have to vie with each other to pull high quality pupils and academic staff at an international degree. Hence, competition is no longer limited within national boundary lines. As instruction and preparation become a planetary concern sector, instruction selling is developing criterions more kindred to consumer goods selling. This presents several challenges for Malayan universities such as the development of a more client orientated service attack to instruction and an increased accent on corporate image. In a market where pupils are recognized as clients, universities have to implement schemes to keep and heighten their fight. Higher instruction sector in Malaysia develops quickly since 1990. Now, Malaysia has 20 public universities offering a assortment of classs and 100s of private universities. Competition is non merely within the state, but regionally and globally. The university needs to develop a competitory advantage based on a set of alone features. Furthermore, universities need to pass on these features in an effectual and consistent manner to all of the relevant stakeholders. Under these fortunes, universities have eventually realized the function of corporate individuality as a powerful beginning of competitory advantage.They understand that if managed strategically, corporate individuality can assist them develop a competitory border over rivals ( Olins, 1995 ) . As a consequence, a turning figure of universities have started to develop and implement corporate individual ity programme as portion of their strategic rowth and enlargement ( Baker and Balmer, 1997 ) .Reappraisal of LiteratureCorporate individualityBirkigt and Stadler ( 1986 ) derived from Cornelissen and Elving ( 2003 ) refer to corporate individuality as the strategically planned and operational self-presentation of a company, both internal and external, based on an in agreement doctrine, long term company ends, and a peculiar coveted image, combined with the will to use all instruments of the company as one unit achieved by agencies of behavior, communicating and symbolism. Although universities are a higher instruction establishment organic structure instead than a corporate company, they have somehow embodied a corporate mentality in its quest to recognize its mission statement as an in agreement doctrine outlined earlier. Give this state of affairs, university is extremely prudent in its attempt to accomplish what it has set out to carry through by foremost, beat uping its tools an d means to pass on its individuality to its groups. In recent old ages, the importance of the corporate image has been recognized. One of the grounds behind this is the turning involvement in surveies of corporate image. The organisation considers that the transmittal of positive image is an indispensable stipulation for set uping a commercial relationship with mark groups ( van Riel, 1995 ) . Congruent with statements by Birkigt and Stadler ( 1986 ) and Alessandri ( 2001 ) who posit that corporate individuality needs to be founded upon the mission statement of a corporate entity, university, in advancing its academic excellence, has significantly rallied its forces in geting at a logo that is really much stand foring the organisation and what it has to offer based on its mission statement. Olins ( 1995 ) outlines four phases in constructing an individuality plan. First, probe, analysis and strategic recommendations are carried out internally to find what a corporate entity should stand for. Insofar as university is concerned, it considers factors such as its place, market portion, nucleus values, cardinal thought, growing forms, size, corporate civilization, profitableness and fight in puting its ends. Olins ( 1995 ) argues that one time internal analysis and strategic recommendations have been carried out, the following phase is developing the individuality by agencies of behavioral alteration, individuality construction and name and ocular manner. Harmonizing to Birkigt and Stadler ( 1986 ) , corporate individuality is besides communicated through the behavior of a corporate entity where mark groups are able to be judged by the actions conducted by the entity in covering with external forces or stimulations. The creative activity of a logo is a portion of its individuality edifice procedure which represents what it stands for ( Olins, 1995 ) . In planing the ocular manner, university makes usage of different colorss in the logo. To take words of Olins ( 1995 ) , the intent of a symbol is to show the cardinal thought of the organisation with impact, brevity and immediateness. The usage of different colorss and their representation in the logo of the university does show the cardinal thought to portray university as a modern organisation founded upon healthy rules and administration. Olins ( 1989 ) argues that symbolism warrants consistent quality criterions and contributes to the trueness of clients ( in our instance, pupil as clients to the university ) and other mark groups ( the possible pupils ) . The 3rd phase of Olins ‘ Corporate Identity formation is launched and introduced to pass on corporate vision. The individuality of university must be communicated through the mass media, another medium of individuality formation. The concluding phase of individuality formation is execution. In alliance with its mission statement to market the university as a first pick, university should join forces with other organisations in its quest to raise consciousness. Olins ( 1995 ) corporate individuality direction needs to be considered in the same position as fiscal direction or information system direction as portion of corporate resource where uninterrupted attempts is necessary to implement and keep it. However, Melewar and Jenskin ( 2002 ) place five sub-const ruct to mensurate corporate individuality or organisation viz. communicating and ocular individuality ; behaviour ; corporate civilization ; market conditions ; house, merchandise and services. The theoretical account adapts a multidisciplinary attack in the analysis of corporate individuality. It unites the psychological, in writing design, selling and public dealingss paradigms of the corporate individuality. In this manner the theoretical account represents different positions and school of ideas of corporate individuality, taking for a balanced combination between these different subjects. Furthermore, in footings of its application, the theoretical account presents a practical tool for analysis with its simple construction summarised in a comprehendible in writing presentation. Communication and ocular imagetouch about corporate ocular image ; corporate communicating ; architecture and location and unmanageable communicating. Corporate ocular individuality of the administration is reflected by five chief constituents which are orporate name ; symbol and/or logotype ; typography ; coloring material ; and slogan ( Dowling, 1986 ; Olins, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Olins ( 1995 ) these constituents â€Å" present the cardinal thought of the administration with impact, brevity and immediateness † . Meanwhile, corporate communicating defined by Van Riel ( 1995 ) is a direction instrument to make and harmonize favorable relationships with external and internal stakeholders. As pointed out by Markwick and Fill ( 1997 ) , it is critical to guarantee that consistent corporate communicating is delivered to all stakeholders. Melewar and Sibel Akel ( 2005 ) surveies on corporate individuality of the University of Warwick sort its stakeholders into two classs viz. in ternal ; and external stakeholders. The external stakeholders cover a broad scope of audiences from sentiment leaders ( concern, media, academic, believe armored combat vehicle, instruction specializer, government/political ) to alumnas and instructors. The internal audiences are divided into three chief groups – pupils ; academic ; and non-academic staff. In a research survey conducted by the University ( Opinion Leader Research ) it was found that overall cognition of the University differed well between these audiences: On the whole, a far higher proportion of internal as opposed to external audiences province that they know the University good. Among the internal audiences, the faculty members in peculiar, demo a low degree of cognition of the university ( Jones, 2001 ) . Corporate communicating covers direction, selling and organisational communications. Among the three, direction communicating is seen as the most of import ( Van Riel, 1995 ) . Top degree directors are s een as the chief medium of direction communications since they are responsible for conveying the corporate doctrine and vision to the internal stakeholders ( Melewar and Jenkins, 2002 ) . The constituent ofbehaviorconsists of direction behavior and employee behavior. Given the current demand for economic answerability and the increased focal point on consumer pick, universities are sing pupils and staff as clients. Consequently, to prolong the coveted degree of service quality, the relationship between administrative staff and faculty members, and administrative staff and pupils has become more structured. Therefore, the behavior of direction at universities is progressively resemblers that of a commercial company. Increasingly, faculty members acknowledge that a â€Å" corporate individuality refers to an administration ‘s alone features which are rooted in the behavior of employees † ( Balmer and Wilson, 1998 ) . As a consequence of decreased authorities support and a larger societal focal point on consumer pick, universities design classs that are in conformity to what consumers want instead than what universities believe should be taught. This new manner of looking at â€Å" clients † of instruction has created a demand to reexamine the relationship between the clients and university employees. However, in the context of a university, the designation of the client and the employee is non an easy undertaking. First, as identified by Sirvanci ( 1996 ) the student-university relationship is non a typical customeremployee relationship. The university pupil differs from a â€Å" conventional † client in the sense that the university pupil does non hold full freedom of pick with the merchandise ( knowledge/education ) , duty for paying the monetary value and might non even â€Å" measure up † to buy the merchandise. Second, in an environment where the pupils are classified as internal clients the categorization of academic staff is debatable. Academicians are classified both under internal client and academic staff. Evidence shows that relationship between academic and administrative staff is an country of possible struggle ( Pitman, 2000 ) . The tenseness is likely to arise from the fact that academic staff have different motivations for working in a university fro m administrative staff members and utilize a different value system of their ain. Corporate civilizationhas been a chief focal point of academic direction since the early 1980s ( Wiedmann, 1988 ) . Culture is the normally held and comparatively stable beliefs, attitudes and values that exist within the administration ( Williamset Al., 1993 ) . Jarzabkowski and Wilson ( 2002 ) surveies found that civilization in University of Warwick is based on the undermentioned dogmas: successorientated ; entrepreneurial and competitory ; intra-organisational competition ; low tolerance for non-performers ; open uping ; viing at the highest degree of sectoral environment, ( Harvard, Berkeley, Cambridge and Stanford ) ; and â€Å" strong Centre, strong section † . However, in an academic establishment understanding on a individual value set is hard to accomplish. Baker and Balmer ( 1997 ) in their survey about the corporate individuality of University of Strathclyde place that the job arises chiefly from the fact that each member of the university is an expert in a specific country and has hence a really strong position about how to continue in this country. In the absence of a general way for the academic community to continue this sub-cultures and multiplicity in individualities may harm the successful execution of a corporate individuality programme. The constituent of corporate civilization fundamentally involves the component of nationality ; ends, doctrines and rules and organisational imagination and history. Top ranking university accommodates pupils from different nationalities. With increasing Numberss of abroad pupils and academic staff, the function of nationality is diminishing. However, pupil consumption for public university in Malaysia is controlled by the authorities. The assignment of the academic staff besides needs particular permission from the authorities. As is common among other Malayan universities, it capitalises chiefly on the English linguistic communication as the chief linguistic communication of commercialism. Moingeon and Ramanantsoa ( 1997 ) stress the interaction between history and corporate individuality. They point out the manner history influences the definition of corporate individuality, i.e. â€Å" individuality is the merchandise of the history of the administration † ( Moingeon and Ramanantsoa, 1997 ) . They further province that individuality influences history and shapes the perceptual experiences and actions of the organisation members. Therefore, individuality besides produces history. History created an individuality in support of the entrepreneurial self-image and income bring forthing orientation of the university ( Jarzabkowski and Wilson, 2002 ) . Component of corporate individuality focal point onmarket conditionsaffecting nature of the industry and selling scheme. Malaysia ‘s higher instruction market is crowded and competitory. The general regulation in the market is that prospective pupils will frequently go to a prima university because of its overall repute, even though it may be comparatively weak in the specific capable chosen. The instruction and research appraisal exercises conducted on a regular basis and the magazine ( such asThe Times Higher EducationAddendumetc ) publications of the ranking of the universities reveal that certain universities are more well-thought-of and are perceived to be general leaders in the field. However, the generic feature of higher instruction makes the projection of a differentiated individuality hard. Harmonizing to Melewar and Sibel Akel ( 2005 ) , some universities such as Cambridge, Oxford, Imperial College, Durham, LSE, UCL, York, Nottingham, Manchester and Bristol have succeeded in this hard undertaking. Corporate and selling schemes are one of the few attempt to advance university internationally. For illustration, University of Warwick ‘s schemes are â€Å" heightening and advancing the University ‘s repute, peculiarly on the international phase † and mottos such â€Å" maintaining and developing our strengths in institutional administration and direction † and attempts to demo that â€Å" the university is be aftering to go on its business-like development † Corporate and selling schemes non merely find coveted future provinces of the organisation but they besides influence the formation of trade name and corporate perceptual experiences. Therefore, the manner an organisation defines its corporate schemes has a important impact on how it is perceived by its stakeholders. Simoes and Dibb ( 2001 ) province that the impression of corporate individuality is linked to the corporate trade name construct. Besides harmonizing to Ind ( 1997 ) corporate stigmatization is more than a ocular projection of the organisation – it is a manifestation of the organisational nucleus alues. Firm, merchandise and servicesare the last constituent in corporate individuality developed by Melewar and Storrie ( 2001 ) . These constituents are branding schemes and organisational public presentation. Branding to the populace is through heavy advertisement of the company ‘s image in the media and by editorial coverage in the local or international imperativeness. Articles in academic periodical, refereed diary, continuing and books by university lectors and pupils are a portion of positioning scheme for the university to make a good trade name of the university. University ‘s design, landscapes, and image development could besides be considered as portion of the stigmatization scheme. Performance of the university is evident by itself in footings of constructing up a loyal client base, winning national awards, retaining and developing employees, and the growing to the franchise. The public presentation can be measured by the acknowledgment received by the university. University ranking published by Times Higher Educations Supplement and other reputable organisation is a best index to mensurate university ‘s public presentation. Besides university ranking, other acknowledgment and award such as ISO 9000, discoverer award obtained by pupils and lector of the university, can be considered as elements of public presentation.Purpose of the StudyThis survey ‘s major intent was to try to find what the function of corporate individuality from the position of the university ‘s prospective clients ( among the pupils from Matriculation College in Malaysia ) . We were most interested in how of import they considered the corporate individuality map is. The survey was designed specifically to detect what these pupils thought about corporate individuality and how they saw this map being implemented in the university. This survey ‘s major intent was to try to find what the function of corporate individuality from the position of the uni versity ‘s prospective clients ( among the pupils from Matriculation College in Malaysia ) . We were most interested in how of import they considered the corporate individuality map is. The survey was designed specifically to detect what these pupils thought about corporate individuality and how they saw this map being implemented in the university.MethodThis was a bead and collect questionnaire survey of matriculation college pupils. Subjects came from 9 Matriculation College throughout Malaysia. In each of this matriculation college, pupils were prospective clients for the public university in Malaysia. In this subdivision, informations assemblage processs, respondents, and measurings of variables are detailed.RespondentsRespondent in this research are prospective clients of the University Utara Malaysia ( among pupils from matriculation colleges in Malaysia ) . Survey packages were sent straight to 500 pupils. The sample n=496 ( 99.2 % ) in nine matriculation Centre. The at ionale for taking this sample is that all respondents are prospective clients of the university and their perceptual experience is indispensable to find the corporate individuality of the university. Approximately 78.23 % ( n = 388 ) are female and 21.77 % ( n = 108 ) are male. This sample distribution reflects the norm of pupils in Malaysia. The bulk of the respondents are ( 70.97 % ( n = 352 ) respondents from history watercourse, while 29.03 % ( n = 144 ) from scientific discipline watercourse in matriculation Centre. Respondent in this research are prospective clients of the University Utara Malaysia ( among pupils from matriculation colleges in Malaysia ) . Survey packages were sent straight to 500 pupils. The sample n=496 ( 99.2 % ) in nine matriculation Centre. The ationale for taking this sample is that all respondents are prospective clients of the university and their perceptual experience is indispensable to find the corporate individuality of the university. Approximatel y 78.23 % ( n = 388 ) are female and 21.77 % ( n = 108 ) are male. This sample distribution reflects the norm of pupils in Malaysia. The bulk of the respondents are ( 70.97 % ( n = 352 ) respondents from history watercourse, while 29.03 % ( n = 144 ) from scientific discipline watercourse in matriculation Centre.Measurement InstrumentBased on corporate individuality theoretical account developed by Melewar and Jenskin ( 2000 ) , there are five chief constituents to developing corporate individuality. Melewar and Storrie ( 2001 ) besides use in the survey for service company. Melewar and Sibel Akel ( 2005 ) , besides apply the same theoretical account to analyze the corporate individuality Warwick University. The instrument used to measure corporate individuality includes 80 points based on corporate individuality theoretical account developed by Melewar and Jenskin ( 2001 ) . The points stand foring four constituents of corporate individuality which are communicating and ocular imag e, behavior, corporate civilization, market conditions and house, merchandise and services. Each point is measured utilizing 5- point Likert type scale.Prior to the existent survey, we conducted a pre-test survey among respondents in the matriculation colleges. The pre-test conducted sought to find the grade of stableness, trustiness, dependableness of the measuring used in this survey, as there are really limited survey on corporate individuality and corporate repute. Consequences of the pre-test show Cronbach's alpha for communicating and ocular individuality is.90, behaviour is.87, corporate civilization is.86, and market status is.80 and house, merchandise and services 0.78.ConsequencesBefore we conduct factor analysis, informations are tested for coding/data entry mistakes and trials for normalcy are conducted for each of the study points every bit good as the concepts that are created by calculating single points. Trials for normalcy include kurtosis easures, lopsidedness step s, and ocular review of histograms. The bulk of points appear to be within normalcy. Kurtosis steps are below one. Lopsidedness steps are around zero, and analysis indicates normal-shaped histograms. Based on dimensions of corporate individuality in the communicating literature, and some points from Melewar and Akel ( 2005 ) , we generated an initial set of 80 points. These points focused on communicating and ocular individuality, corporate behavior, corporate civilization, market conditions and house, merchandise and services. Using informations collected from the sample of 496 pupils, we conducted an explorative factor analysis utilizing chief constituents with the figure of factors non specified. The magnitude and scree secret plan of the characteristic root of a square matrixs indicated factors. In the following factor analysis, we set the figure of factors to five and interpreted factor burdens based on form matrix which resulted from oblique rotary motion ( Hair et al. 1998 ) . Oblique rotary motion was appropriate because the ultimate end of this research through factor analysis is to obtain several theoretically meaningful factors or concepts. Analysis of the 80 points resulted in five factors that explain 57 % of the discrepancy. Based on the oblique factor form, each factor clearly reflected one of the five priori dimensions. Subsequent loops were performed following omission of cross-loaded points or points that were theoretically inconsistent with their factor. The regulation of pollex provided by Hair, Anderson, Tatham and Black ( 1998 ) were applied where points load less than.30 were eliminated. The ensuing solution consisted of 52 points explicating 78.4 % of the discrepancy. The dislocation of these points was communicating and ocular individuality ( 19 points ) , behavior ( 11 points ) , corporate civilization ( 11 points ) , market conditions ( 6 points ) and house, merchandise and services ( 5 points ) . The revolved factor burdens for these 52 points appear in Table 1.Factor AnalysisNormally, when factor analysis is used in a survey of this nature, consequences reveal a certain sense of conformance between variables. As a consequence, one normally can do well more sense out of factor burdens than is the instance in this peculiar survey. The chief constituents processs produced 5 factors with characteristic root of a square matrixs greater than 1.0. This 5 factor solution, shown in Table 1 ( see appendix ) , accounted for 57.9 per cent of the entire discrepancy. Factor 1 Nineteen points clearly define factor 1 as shown by the burdens in Table 1. All points load positively and the statement appear to stand for a construct of corporate communicating and individuality ocular. Statement such as ‘promotion ‘ , ‘advertising ‘ , ‘information and message ‘ and ‘media used ‘ , seem to stand for corporate communicating portion. Other point such as ‘office interior design ‘ , ‘lighting ‘ , ‘furniture ‘ , ‘design of edifice ‘ , ‘location ‘ , ‘landscape ‘ , ‘space ‘ , ‘logo ‘ and ‘the word UUM ‘ represent ocular individuality of the university. Communication and ocular individuality shows an of import component in mensurating the corporate individuality of the university. Factor 2 Behaviour is categorized under intangible individuality and highly of import in corporate individuality. Eleven statements clearly meet the lading standards on this factor. These points are ‘university ‘s policy ‘ , ‘behaviour of direction ‘ , ‘ethics ‘ , ‘quality of relationship ‘ , ‘staff dressing ‘ , ‘personal features ‘ , ‘suitable accomplishment ‘ , ‘helpful ‘ , ‘understanding ‘ and ‘knowledgeable ‘ . Factor 3 Another 11 points clearly define this factor. They are ‘vision and mission ‘ , ‘goal accomplishment ‘ , ‘philosophy and chief ‘ , ‘aspiration ‘ and ‘history and imagination ‘ . Most of these points reflect corporate civilization issues. Factor 4 Six points load flawlessly on this factor. They are ‘student oriented ‘ , ‘the function as pupil ‘s development ‘ , ‘strategic marketing ‘ and ‘promotion ‘ . This factor seems to reflect a sense of market conditions in the university ‘s corporate individuality. Factor 5 Five other statements specify this factor. They are ‘marketing scheme ‘ and ‘branding ‘ , stand foring the elements of branding. While, ‘award ‘ , 'employee public presentation ‘ , and ‘excellent ‘ loaded under component of public presentation.Discussion of ConsequencesThis determination shows an of import facet of corporate individuality in Malaysia is higher instruction sector. For higher instruction sector in Malaysia, all constituent of corporate individuality ( communicating and ocular image, behavior, corporate civilization, market status and house, merchandise and services ) play an of import function in act uponing and possibly in finding their corporate individuality. This determination has interesting deductions. First, happening reveals Matriculation College ‘s pupils look at all facet of corporate individuality of the university. This survey presents considerable grounds to propose that prospective pupils of the university truly see university ‘s individuality based on ocular. Factor analysis consequences clear up this statement even more as 19 points are loaded under these factors. It is interesting to observe that the elements of ocular individuality such as logo, landscapes, edifice, illuming and furniture all loaded on the same factor. This determination is supported by the literature on corporate individuality which sees corporate ocular individuality defined in the manner in which an organisation uses Sons, type manners, terminology and architecture to pass on its corporate doctrine and personality ( Balmer, 1995 ) . Identity should be seeable and easy to recognize by the people. These consequences show that the importance of ocular individuality should be a high spot to the university. A well-built corporate ocular individuality does non merely add to organisational visibleness, but can besides be used as a powerful arm in deriving an advantage over rivals, while pulling client s and assisting convince the parent to direct their kids to the peculiar university. Higher instruction sector in Malaysia, particularly universities should concentrate more on their individuality to guarantee the image of the university is increased. Second, this determination finds that corporate behaviors were considered to be particularly of import. Even though this constituent is categorized under intangible elements compared to ocular individuality that can be seen and touched, it is still an of import component to mensurate corporate individuality. Based on factor analysis, eleven points were loaded under this constituent. Customers are anticipating a specific set of personal features to organize or reenforce their feeling. Behaviour such as moralss, quality of relationship, staff dressing, personal features, suited accomplishment, helpful, understanding and knowing are the of import feature from the position of the clients. Training and instruction either takes topographic point in the university or exterior of the university will profit the university. Third, the constituent of corporate civilization including vision and mission, end accomplishment, doctrine and principal, aspiration and history and imagination is really of import to the university ‘s individuality. Corporate civilization portrayed the full organisation behavior. Positive corporate civilization and strong vision and mission will increase confident among the prospective clients, constituent market status and house, merchandise and services besides show to be an of import constituent to mensurate the corporate individuality. For university who intends to globalise their establishment, this consequences indicate that the corporate individuality direction should take into history its personality ( Balmer, 1995 ; Birkight and Stadler, 1986 ; Olins, 1978 ) , its corporate scheme ( Wiedmann, 1988 ) and the three parts of the corporate individuality mix ( behavior of organisational members, communicating and symbolism ) in order to get a favorable corporate repute ( Fombrun, 1996 ) which consequences in improved organisational public presentation ( Fombrun and Shanley, 1990 ) . If the consequences are generalizable, maximising all corporate individuality ( communicating and ocular image, behavior, corporate civilization, market conditions and house, merchandise and services ) should hold a positive consequence on the university ‘s corporate repute. Our findings suggest that corporate individuality of Malayan university instruments act upon their corporate image. One account for individuality is now widely recognised as an effectual strategic instrument and a agency to accomplish competitory advantage ( Schmidt, 1995 ) and to be researched by more faculty members and practicians.Decisions and RestrictionsBecause this survey focused merely on one university in Malaysia, it represents a limited trial on the corporate individuality. However, it has already suggested that corporate individuality does consequence the image of the university. The following measure is to measure the external cogency of he obtained consequences by retroflexing the survey to other Malayan university scenes. For illustration future research should prove whether similar consequence can be found in other public university or private university operating in Malaysia or foreign university based in Malaysia. We besides noted that, because this survey is derived from one beginning that is the possible clients, there is the possibilities of common method prejudices to be in this survey. Thus, future research should see obtaining informations from multiple beginnings. For illustration, elements of corporate individuality can be obtained from bing clients ( pupils ) . However, extra dimensions of corporate individuality needed to be considered. Such extra research can play a critical function in developing apprehensions about what and whether corporate individuality should divert from the ‘best ‘ corporate image. Additionally, we are besides cognizant that there are some restrictions in corporate individuality theoretical account used in this survey. Thus, for those who are interested to go on, the usage of seven dimension of corporate individuality ( Melewar and Karaosmanoglu, 2006 ) graduated table would supply better account about corporate individuality in organisations. 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